Biodiversité

L’un des principaux outils de protection de la biodiversité, ce sont les aires marines protégées. La réserve marine de Cerbère-Banyuls, dans les Pyrénées-Orientales, est l'une des plus exemplaires.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the concrete costs and benefits of three types of protected areas within the marine environment: (i) Fish Stock Recovery Areas (FSRAs), (ii) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and (iii) areas designated as Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).

There is evidence that FSRAs, MPAs and OECMs provide economic benefits to fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Europe.

Les Etats parties se réuniront pendant dix jours (en virtuel), pour parler gestion de la faune, de la flore et des 52 bases scientifiques du continent le plus austral de la planète.

In the face of intense human pressure on European seas, a network of well-managed marine protected areas (MPAs) is critical for marine biodiversity protection. In 2018, the EU (including, at the time, the United Kingdom) declared having met international targets for marine conservation, by designating more than 10% of its waters as MPAs. However, this declaration of success ignored the fact that designation is just one step towards achieving real protection. Without effective management, designated MPAs remain mere ‘paper parks’ that provide little to no actual protection.

Marine protected areas, or MPAs as they’re more commonly called, are very simple. Areas of the sea are set aside where certain activities – usually fishing – are banned or restricted. Ideally, these MPAs might be placed around particularly vibrant habitats that support lots of different species, like seagrass beds or coral reefs. By preventing fishing gear such as towed seabed trawls from sweeping through these environments, the hope is that marine life will be allowed to recover.

When used well, they can be very effective.

Review recommends introduction of Highly Protected Marine Areas as essential for marine protection and recovery.

An independent review led by former Fisheries Minister Richard Benyon, and published today on World Ocean Day, is calling for the introduction of Highly Protected Marine Areas in English waters. The review was commissioned on last year’s world ocean day by then Environment Secretary Michael Gove as part of the Government’s drive to protect our waters.

These highly protected marine areas would enable a greater recovery of the marine ecosystem and enhance the Government’s commitment to a national ‘Blue Belt’, which has already seen an area of 92,000 square km protected - 40% of English seas.

Researchers from the University of Plymouth have contributed to a new book addressing some of the most pressing challenges in marine conservation.

Avant d’initier la révision de la stratégie de création et de gestion des AMP pour 2020-2030 que La France présentera lors du congrès mondial de la nature organisé par l’UICN en 2020 à Marseille, le Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire a demandé un bilan évaluatif des résultats obtenus de la stratégie nationale AMP.
Cette évaluation a été coordonnée par l’AFB et réalisée par le groupement de bureaux d’étude ACTeon/MC2/Creocéan/Mickaël Dupré, avec l’appui du comité français de l’UICN. Elle comprend :

-Un état des lieux du réseau d’AMP françaises en 2019 au regard de la SCGAMP de 2012 ;

-L’analyse comparée d’autres stratégies nationales en matière d’AMP ;

-Un travail de consultation des parties prenantes.

Designating protected areas is relatively easy, but hardly anyone seems to be bothering with the hard work of actually protecting them.

Il s’agit d’un forum mondial qui réunit des professionnels de la conservation des océans et des fonctionnaires de haut niveau pour enrichir les connaissances concernant les aires marines protégées, ainsi que donner des idées et prendre des mesures en ce sens.

Marine mammals play a crucial role in marine ecosystem function and climate change resilience by sequestering carbon through the consumption of energy rich plankton and fish. They provide valuable ecosystem services such as ecotourism. Conserving marine mammals provides significant economic, social and cultural benefits to coastal communities.

A healthy Ocean is critical for achieving sustainable development goals but the Ocean is threatened by multiple stressors. There is a global call to increase the coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs) from 10% to at least 30% by 2030. France, a major actor for marine conservation with the second largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, with territories in all Ocean basins but the Arctic, aims at reaching the 30% by 2022, for which one third shall include a strong protection status. However, the strategy to reach this twofold target faces two challenges. First, while some standards exist to classify the levels of protection, France is currently using a case specific, loose approach to define strong protection. Second, there is no criteria that addresses the representativeness of the protection across French Ocean basins. Here, we assess the protection levels of the 524 French MPAs and their distribution across territories and habitats. While 33.7% of France’s waters are covered by an MPA, 12.5% of these areas do not impose regulations stronger inside than outside. Full and high levels of protection, the most effective for biodiversity conservation, represent only 1.6% of French waters and are unevenly distributed across Ocean basins and habitats, with 80.5% concentrated in a single territory.

Nous avons constaté qu'en dépit du cadre mis en place pour protéger le milieu marin, les actions de l'UE n'avaient pas permis de rétablir le bon état écologique des mers, ni d'y ramener partout la pêche à des niveaux durables: ce constat recoupe celui dressé par l'Agence européenne pour l'environnement dans un rapport publié alors que nous achevions nos travaux d'audit, selon lequel la biodiversité marine reste menacée dans les mers européennes. De nombreuses évaluations des espèces et des habitats marins continuent de révéler un état de conservation «défavorable», voire «inconnu». Si nous avons pu établir que l'action de l'UE avait abouti à des progrès sensibles dans l'Atlantique, la Méditerranée est quant à elle restée largement surexploitée; par ailleurs, seule une petite partie du Fonds européen pour les affaires maritimes et la pêche a été utilisée pour financer la conservation du milieu marin.

Tropical coral reefs are subject to multiple pressures from both natural and anthropogenic sources. These pressures have caused widespread declines in reef health, resulting in the increased use of spatial management tools such as marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs have proven generally effective if well designed and enforced, but there are limited long-term studies investigating how the presence of small-scale MPAs affects fish populations and reef communities. Using a 12-year time series, we found that small-scale (10–50 ha) community-managed MPAs along the Danajon Bank of the Philippines preserved average fish biomass within their boundaries over time relative to surrounding fished reefs. Unprotected areas are, however, showing significant long-term biomass decline. MPAs were also found to preserve more key trophic groups and larger-bodied commercially targeted reef fish families.

new agreement is being negotiated under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to provide legally binding mechanisms to protect the marine environment and to conserve and ensure the sustainable use of marine biodiversity on the high seas (international waters in areas beyond national jurisdiction) (1). One of the suggested objectives in the current draft text is to “apply an approach that builds ecosystem resilience to the adverse effects of climate change” when applying area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs).

One-sixth of the global terrestrial surface now falls within protected areas (PAs), making it essential to understand how far they mitigate the increasing pressures on nature which characterize the Anthropocene. In by far the largest analysis of this question to date and not restricted to forested PAs, we compiled data from 12,315 PAs across 152 countries to investigate their ability to reduce human pressure and how this varies with socioeconomic and management circumstances. While many PAs show positive outcomes, strikingly we find that compared with matched unprotected areas, PAs have on average not reduced a compound index of pressure change over the past 15 y.

Global areal protection targets have driven a dramatic expansion of the marine protected area (MPA) estate. We analyzed how cost‐effective global MPA expansion has been since the inception of the first global target (set in 1982) in achieving ecoregional representation. By comparing spatial patterns of MPA expansion against optimal MPA estates using the same expansion rates, we show the current MPA estate is both expensive and ineffective. Although the number of ecoregions represented tripled and 12.7% of national waters was protected, 61% of ecoregions and 81% of countries are not 10% protected. Only 10.3% of the national waters of the world would be sufficient to protect 10% of each ecoregion if MPA growth since 1982 strategically targeted underrepresented ecoregions.