Biodiversité

Par l'OFB et le Centre méditerranéen de l’environnement et de la biodiversité L’objectif des travaux de recherche est de développer des connaissances et d’apporter une meilleure compréhension des fonctionnements des écosystèmes terrestres dans un contexte de changements climatiques et de pression anthropique accrue, permettant de contribuer à l’évaluation de l’efficacité des pratiques de gestion. 

Human rights matter for marine conservation because people and nature are inextricably linked. A thriving planet cannot be one that contains widespread human suffering or stifles human potential; and a thriving humanity cannot exist on a dying planet. (...) We argue that adopting a human rights-based approach to marine conservation, that is integrating equity as a rights-based condition rather than a charitable principle, will not only help meet legal and ethical obligations to respect, protect, and fulfil human rights, but will also result in greater and more enduring conservation impact.

Ce travail met en lumière le rôle très important des jachères dans la conservation des populations de tourterelles des bois en Europe, et donc la nécessité de maintenir et même accroitre ce type de culture.

The establishment of multiple zones offering different protection levels within a Marine Protected Area (MPA) can minimize social conflicts while maintaining associated biodiversity benefits such as fish population replenishment. Parrotfishes are among one of the most ecologically important reef fishes; yet extremely overexploited worldwide. In this context, well-designed priority management areas allowing no fishing activity (no-take zones) could help recover fish species, such as parrotfishes, through a MPA zoning process.

A healthy Ocean is critical for achieving sustainable development goals but the Ocean is threatened by multiple stressors. There is a global call to increase the coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs) from 10% to at least 30% by 2030. France, a major actor for marine conservation with the second largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, with territories in all Ocean basins but the Arctic, aims at reaching the 30% by 2022, for which one third shall include a strong protection status. However, the strategy to reach this twofold target faces two challenges. First, while some standards exist to classify the levels of protection, France is currently using a case specific, loose approach to define strong protection. Second, there is no criteria that addresses the representativeness of the protection across French Ocean basins. Here, we assess the protection levels of the 524 French MPAs and their distribution across territories and habitats. While 33.7% of France’s waters are covered by an MPA, 12.5% of these areas do not impose regulations stronger inside than outside. Full and high levels of protection, the most effective for biodiversity conservation, represent only 1.6% of French waters and are unevenly distributed across Ocean basins and habitats, with 80.5% concentrated in a single territory.

Tropical coral reefs are subject to multiple pressures from both natural and anthropogenic sources. These pressures have caused widespread declines in reef health, resulting in the increased use of spatial management tools such as marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs have proven generally effective if well designed and enforced, but there are limited long-term studies investigating how the presence of small-scale MPAs affects fish populations and reef communities. Using a 12-year time series, we found that small-scale (10–50 ha) community-managed MPAs along the Danajon Bank of the Philippines preserved average fish biomass within their boundaries over time relative to surrounding fished reefs. Unprotected areas are, however, showing significant long-term biomass decline. MPAs were also found to preserve more key trophic groups and larger-bodied commercially targeted reef fish families.

Protected areas (PAs) are a key strategy for conserving nature and halting the loss of biodiversity. Our results show that while many PAs are effective, the large focus on increasing terrestrial coverage toward 17% of the earth surface has led to many PAs failing to stem human pressure. This is particularly the case for nonforested areas, which have not been assessed in previous analysis. Thus, we show that relying only on studies of remote-sensed forest cover can produce a biased picture of the effectiveness of PAs. Moving forward beyond the current biodiversity targets, there is a need to ensure that quality rather than quantity is better integrated and measured.

Understanding the relative effectiveness and enabling conditions of different area-based management tools is essential for supporting efforts that achieve positive biodiversity outcomes as area-based conservation coverage increases to meet newly set international targets. We used data from a coastal social–ecological monitoring program in 6 Indo-Pacific countries to analyze whether social, ecological, and economic objectives and specific management rules (temporal closures, fishing gear-specific, species-specific restrictions) were associated with coral reef fish biomass above sustainable yield levels across different types of area-based management tools (i.e., comparing those designated as marine protected areas [MPAs] with other types of area-based management).

Anthropogenic light is ubiquitous in areas where humans are present and is showing a progressive increase worldwide. This has far-reaching consequences for most species and their ecosystems. The effects of anthropogenic light on natural ecosystems are highly variable and complex. Many species suffer from adverse effects and often respond in a highly specific manner. Ostensibly surveyable effects such as attraction and deterrence become complicated because these can depend on the type of behavior and specific locations. Here, we considered how solutions and new technologies could reduce the adverse effects of anthropogenic light.

Edito : Wasting away

Articles :

- Climate change reduces the conservation benefits of tropical coastal ecosystems

- Voluntary commitments made by the world’s largest companies focus on recycling and packaging over other actions to address the plastics crisis

- Climate change reduces the conservation benefits of tropical coastal ecosystems

- Ocean conservation boosts climate change mitigation and adaptation

Les espaces naturels ont connu une hausse de fréquentation qui peut les fragiliser. Laurence Chabanis présente les enjeux et les moyens dont disposent les gestionnaires pour réguler l'accès du public.

Le 27 juillet dernier, l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) a annoncé la création d'un « Statut vert » des espèces. Le but : fournir une norme mondiale pour mesurer la conservation des espèces et l'impact des mesures de protection. L'annonce s'accompagne d'un article scientifique publié dans la revue Conservation Biology, qui détaille l'élaboration de ce Statut vert et la façon dont il a été testé sur 181 espèces.

Nous avons constaté qu'en dépit du cadre mis en place pour protéger le milieu marin, les actions de l'UE n'avaient pas permis de rétablir le bon état écologique des mers, ni d'y ramener partout la pêche à des niveaux durables: ce constat recoupe celui dressé par l'Agence européenne pour l'environnement dans un rapport publié alors que nous achevions nos travaux d'audit, selon lequel la biodiversité marine reste menacée dans les mers européennes. De nombreuses évaluations des espèces et des habitats marins continuent de révéler un état de conservation «défavorable», voire «inconnu». Si nous avons pu établir que l'action de l'UE avait abouti à des progrès sensibles dans l'Atlantique, la Méditerranée est quant à elle restée largement surexploitée; par ailleurs, seule une petite partie du Fonds européen pour les affaires maritimes et la pêche a été utilisée pour financer la conservation du milieu marin.